The birds and bees of butterflies

UC biologist helps decode the structural complexities of male butterfly ejaculate and co-evolving female reproductive responses. Findings from these biochemical relationships may help unlock certain mysteries of human infertility.

By Melanie Schefft
513-556-5213

Photos provided

June 23, 2017

When insects get romantic, their foreplay often involves some pretty crazy things like hypnotic dance moves and flashy colors. In some species it ends with a complex ejaculate package that does more than fertilize offspring.
 
In the case of butterflies, the cabbage white Pieris rapae in particular, scientists have found male butterfly ejaculate –– a complex package designed to deliver sperm –– also contains a dose of valuable life-extending nutrients that female butterflies devour like candy.
 
But receiving this parcel comes at a cost –– male dominance.

It comes covered in a hard shell that takes three days to digest, during which time the female cannot mate again, says University of Cincinnati biologist Nathan Morehouse.
 
Recent interdisciplinary research led by Morehouse in the Morehouse Research Lab and Nathan Clark, biologist in the Clark Research Lab at the University of Pittsburgh looked closer at the complex structures and mechanisms within male butterfly ejaculates and the adaptive responses in the female butterfly reproductive tract.

The researchers hope these study findings will aid in understanding the complex human reproductive cycle and the occasional problems that originate on a molecular level. The authors published their co-evolutionary results in the June journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
 
“As scientists, we already knew that male butterfly ejaculates were three-fold complex structures we call spermatophores –– composed of an outer envelope, an inner matrix of fluids and a bolus of sperm,” says UC’s Morehouse. “What we didn’t know and found through our research is that these three structures are distinctly different in protein composition, are separately stored in the male reproductive tract and are transferred sequentially to the female reproductive tract during mating.”
 
Why such an elaborate process for such a tiny butterfly? Control over female reproduction, Morehouse says.
 
Because the spermatophore occupies much of the female reproductive tract, she cannot mate again until it is gone. Males make it tough for her by encasing the spermatophore in a hard shell. This delay benefits the male by assuring more of his sperm fertilize her eggs.
 

Method behind his madness

“In this set of species, and in many insects, they have what’s called last male sperm precedence,” says Clark. “When another male comes in and mates, his sperm either displaces the first male’s sperm or pushes them to the back.”
 
Occasionally, individual male seminal fluids and female enzymes won’t work together efficiently, creating an imbalance that can result in low egg fertilization. The researchers say looking at how female butterflies have resolved this obstacle may open the curtain for correcting similar protein-enzyme imbalances in human infertility.
 
Using high-tech computerized technology such as mass spectrometry and older standard biochemical processes, the researchers determined that the tiny winged macho-men transfer 13 percent of their total body weight through their spermatophore complex during the mating process. But surprisingly, only 2 percent of that is actually sperm.

The rest of the complex goody bag of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and other compounds play all sorts of other important roles in reproduction –– not the least of which is a way for the males to prevent the female from mating again for about three to four days, says Morehouse.
 
On the flip side, he says females benefit much more by mating often for a number of reasons:

• Females like a variety in the genetics of the offspring they produce, as some male genotypes are better than others and this assures her the most successful outcome.
• Females crave the delicious protein nutrients males pass along during mating that provide life-extending cell repair –– sort of like going to a butterfly spa –– so the more the better.
• These protein nutrients also help females build eggs. We estimate that a female who mates 2-3 times may build 30-40 percent of the eggs she lays from proteins the male transfers during copulation. So male mates are actually funding her reproduction.
  

“To keep a female from remating, the males have developed a hard outer shell around the precious nutrients that are especially desirable by females to repair their cells and live longer,” says Clark. “This hard outer shell gets transferred behind the bolus of sperm and acts as a copulatory plug that prevents the female from being able to mate again with other males –– hopefully insuring his sperm as the cocktail that fertilizes the female’s eggs when she lays them.”

The signum. A hinged, chewing jaw inside the female reproductive tract that helps her to mechanically break into the male spermatophore.